Schattingen van de individuele en collectieve doses als gevolg van consumentenproducten waarin radioactieve stoffen zijn verwerkt
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Series / Report no.
Open Access
Type
Report
Language
nl
Date
2000-08-17
Research Projects
Organizational Units
Journal Issue
Title
Schattingen van de individuele en collectieve doses als gevolg van consumentenproducten waarin radioactieve stoffen zijn verwerkt
Translated Title
Estimates of the individual and collective doses in consumer products containing radioactive substances
Published in
Abstract
In dit rapport worden met 'consumentenproducten' die producten bedoeld waarin bewust radioactieve stoffen zijn verwerkt en die zonder speciaal toezicht aan leden van de bevolking kunnen worden aangeboden. Tot deze producten behoren onder andere ionisatierookmelders en uurwerken waarvan de wijzerplaten met radiumverf zijn beschilderd. Deze producten kunnen in de diverse fasen van hun bestaan een stralingsdosis voor leden van de bevolking veroorzaken. In 1996 stelde de Europese Raad in de Richtlijn 96/29/Euratom basisnormen vast voor de bescherming van de gezondheid van leden van de bevolking tegen de gevaren die aan ioniserende straling verbonden zijn. De richtlijn bevat per radionuclide een activiteitsconcentratie en een totale activiteit, de zogenaamde exemption levels, waaronder een handeling met deze radionuclide is vrijgesteld van meldingsplicht. Bij het implementeren van de richtlijn in de Nederlandse wetgeving bestaat het beleidsvoornemen om voor consumentenproducten onderscheid te maken tussen producten met activiteitsconcentraties en totale activiteit boven en onder de exemption levels. Naast het toepassen van de exemption levels als criteria voor de hoeveelheid radioactiviteit in de consumentenproducten worden in het voorgenomen Nederlandse beleid twee dosiscriteria gehanteerd: een individuele dosis van 10 microSv/a en een collectieve dosis van 1 mensSv/a. In het onderzoek waarvan de resultaten in het voorliggende rapport zijn beschreven, is allereerst de meest recente informatie over consumentenproducten verzameld en zijn per product de activiteit en in enkele gevallen ook de activiteitsconcentratie aan de exemption levels getoetst. Vervolgens zijn de globaal te verwachten individuele en collectieve doses voor leden van de bevolking in de opslag- en handelsfase, de gebruiksfase en de afvalfase van de consumentenproducten berekend. In de opslag- en handelsfase is ook de dosis voor winkelpersoneel geschat. Tenslotte zijn de doses aan de dosiscriteria getoetst. Van de consumentenproducten die minstens 1 van de activiteitscriteria overschrijden wordt verwacht dat gloeikousjes, antistatische middelen, gaseous tritium light sources (GTLS), keramische tegels, lasstaven en cameralenzen en oculairs minstens 1 van de dosiscriteria overschrijden. Van de consumentenproducten die de activiteitscriteria niet overschrijden kunnen rookmelders met Ra-226, uurwerken met Pm-147, elektronica met Co-60 en overslagbeveiligingen mogelijk minstens 1 van de dosiscriteria overschrijden.<br>
Here, consumer products refer to products in which radionuclides have been intentionally incorporated and which can be supplied to members of the public without special surveillance. This group of products includes, for instance, ionisation smoke detectors and timepieces with radium-painted dials. These products can cause a radiation dose to members of the public in various stages of life. In 1996 the European Council laid down basic safety standards in Directive 96/29/Euratom for protecting the health of the general public from the dangers arising from ionising radiation. The Directive contains activity concentrations and total activity per radionuclide, the so-called exemption levels, below which a practice using this radionuclide is exempted from the duty to report. Implementing the Directive in the framework of Dutch legislation, the proposed policy for consumer products is to show a distinction between products with activity concentrations and total activity above and below the exemption levels. Besides the exemption levels being used as activity criteria for the consumer products, two dose criteria - an individual dose of 10 microSv/a and a collective dose of 1 manSv/a - are also employed. In the study leading to this report, the most recent information on consumer products was first collected and the activity per product, and in some cases also the activity concentration, was tested against the exemption levels. Next, the expected individual and collective doses for members of the public were calculated in the storage and trade phase, as well as the user and disposal phase of the consumer products. In the storage and trade phase, the dose for shop personnel was also estimated. Finally, the doses ware tested against the dose criteria. Gas mantles, static elimination devices, gaseous tritium light sources (GTLS), ceramic tiles, welding rods and camera lenses and eyepieces (belongs to the consumer products for which at least one of the activity criteria is exceeded) are also expected to exceed at least one of the dose criteria. Consumer products which do not exceed the activity criteria, but which may exceed at least one of the dose criteria, are smoke detectors with Ra-226, timepieces with Pm-147, electronic components with Co-60 and electrical discharge safety devices.<br>
Here, consumer products refer to products in which radionuclides have been intentionally incorporated and which can be supplied to members of the public without special surveillance. This group of products includes, for instance, ionisation smoke detectors and timepieces with radium-painted dials. These products can cause a radiation dose to members of the public in various stages of life. In 1996 the European Council laid down basic safety standards in Directive 96/29/Euratom for protecting the health of the general public from the dangers arising from ionising radiation. The Directive contains activity concentrations and total activity per radionuclide, the so-called exemption levels, below which a practice using this radionuclide is exempted from the duty to report. Implementing the Directive in the framework of Dutch legislation, the proposed policy for consumer products is to show a distinction between products with activity concentrations and total activity above and below the exemption levels. Besides the exemption levels being used as activity criteria for the consumer products, two dose criteria - an individual dose of 10 microSv/a and a collective dose of 1 manSv/a - are also employed. In the study leading to this report, the most recent information on consumer products was first collected and the activity per product, and in some cases also the activity concentration, was tested against the exemption levels. Next, the expected individual and collective doses for members of the public were calculated in the storage and trade phase, as well as the user and disposal phase of the consumer products. In the storage and trade phase, the dose for shop personnel was also estimated. Finally, the doses ware tested against the dose criteria. Gas mantles, static elimination devices, gaseous tritium light sources (GTLS), ceramic tiles, welding rods and camera lenses and eyepieces (belongs to the consumer products for which at least one of the activity criteria is exceeded) are also expected to exceed at least one of the dose criteria. Consumer products which do not exceed the activity criteria, but which may exceed at least one of the dose criteria, are smoke detectors with Ra-226, timepieces with Pm-147, electronic components with Co-60 and electrical discharge safety devices.<br>
Description
Publisher
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
Sponsors
DGM