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Emissies en doses door procesindustrie. Jaarrapport 2004 'Beleidsmonitoring straling'
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Series / Report no.
RIVM rapport 861020009
Open Access
Type
Report
Language
nl
Date
2005-09-15
Research Projects
Organizational Units
Journal Issue
Title
Emissies en doses door procesindustrie. Jaarrapport
2004 'Beleidsmonitoring straling'
Translated Title
'Radiation policy monitoring' Annual report, 2004:
Emissions and doses from processing industries
Published in
Abstract
Voor de Nederlandse bevolking is de stralingsdosis door
lozingen van radioactieve stoffen door de procesindustrie fors afgenomen
tussen 1994 en 2000. Vooral de gerapporteerde lozingen in water vertonen
een sterke daling, mede door sluitingen van twee kunstmestfabrieken in 1999
en 2000. Echter, vanaf 2000 zien we een lichte stijging van de collectieve
dosis. Ook is de beroepsmatige blootstelling binnen de procesindustrie
onderzocht met behulp van de gegevens uit het Nationaal Dosisregistratie en
Informatiesysteem (NDRIS). De dosis door inhalatie kan voor de onderzochte
personen binnen de bedrijfstak dikwijls boven de 1 mSv per jaar liggen. Een
overschrijding van de limiet van 6 mSv per jaar is echter niet gevonden.Het
overheidsbeleid om lozingen in water te beperken heeft ertoe geleid dat
bedrijven in nieuwe waterzuiveringssystemen hebben geinvesteerd. Ook is de
invloed van het stralingsbeleid zichtbaar bij de inkoop van grondstoffen.
Zo houdt een bedrijf bij inkoop rekening met de compositie van de in de
grondstoffen van nature aanwezige radionucliden. Deze keuze wordt uiteraard
mede bepaald door beschikbaarheid en de kosten van dergelijke
grondstoffen.De in dit rapport bepaalde doses zijn berekend met een
ketenmodel (van bron tot effect). Dit model is hiervoor verder ontwikkeld.
Duidelijk is geworden dat de huidige dosisschattingen gebruikmakend van het
ketenmodel goed overeenkomen met de dosisschattingen gebaseerd op de
metingen. Ook is aangetoond dat de jaardosis op een bepaalde locatie nabij
de bron tot 25% wordt beinvloed door de jaarlijkse variatie in het
weer.
The radiation dose for the Dutch population due to discharges and emissions from processing industries has decreased substantially since 1994. However, the processing industry still makes the largest industrial contribution to the radiation dose. Nuclear installations and medical institutions contribute much less. There was a considerable decrease up to 2000, when two fertilizer enterprises stopped their activities in the Netherlands. Although the reported discharges of radioactive substances to water show a sharp decrease, the collective dose due to emissions to air has shown slight increases since 2001. The policy to reduce discharges in water has led to enterprises investing in wastewater treatment systems. Enterprises also take the radiological consequences into account when purchasing raw materials containing natural occurring radioactive material. The cost of the raw material obviously also influences the decision. Occupational exposure in processing plants was investigated using the data of the National Dose Registration and Information System (NDRIS). Often, employees' inhalation doses can amount to over 1 mSv per annum (i.e. 40% of the average annual radiation dose per capita of the Dutch population), but the dose limit of 6 mSv was not exceeded in any of the cases. We have developed and applied the chain model for regular emissions for assessing the radiation dose. Current dose assessments based on the chain model were found to fit with dose assessments based on measurements. The yearly variation in meteorological factors can affect the radiation dose for members of the public for 25% at locations close to the source when compared to calculations based on decennium averaged meteorology.
The radiation dose for the Dutch population due to discharges and emissions from processing industries has decreased substantially since 1994. However, the processing industry still makes the largest industrial contribution to the radiation dose. Nuclear installations and medical institutions contribute much less. There was a considerable decrease up to 2000, when two fertilizer enterprises stopped their activities in the Netherlands. Although the reported discharges of radioactive substances to water show a sharp decrease, the collective dose due to emissions to air has shown slight increases since 2001. The policy to reduce discharges in water has led to enterprises investing in wastewater treatment systems. Enterprises also take the radiological consequences into account when purchasing raw materials containing natural occurring radioactive material. The cost of the raw material obviously also influences the decision. Occupational exposure in processing plants was investigated using the data of the National Dose Registration and Information System (NDRIS). Often, employees' inhalation doses can amount to over 1 mSv per annum (i.e. 40% of the average annual radiation dose per capita of the Dutch population), but the dose limit of 6 mSv was not exceeded in any of the cases. We have developed and applied the chain model for regular emissions for assessing the radiation dose. Current dose assessments based on the chain model were found to fit with dose assessments based on measurements. The yearly variation in meteorological factors can affect the radiation dose for members of the public for 25% at locations close to the source when compared to calculations based on decennium averaged meteorology.
Description
Publisher
Nuclear Research and consultancy Group NRG
Sponsors
VROM/SAS/SVS
SZW/AG/WB