Epidemiological Risk Factors for Animal Influenza A Viruses Overcoming Species Barriers.
Harris, Kate A; Freidl, Gudrun S; Munoz, Olga S; von Dobschuetz, Sophie; De Nardi, Marco; Wieland, Barbara; Koopmans, Marion P G; Stärk, Katharina D C; van Reeth, Kristien; Dauphin, Gwen; Meijer, Adam; de Bruin, Erwin; Capua, Ilaria; Hill, Andy A; Kosmider, Rowena; Banks, Jill; Stevens, Kim; van der Werf, Sylvie; Enouf, Vincent; van der Meulen, Karen; Brown, Ian H; Alexander, Dennis J; Breed, Andrew C
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Open Access
Type
Article
Language
en
Date
2017-05-18
Research Projects
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Title
Epidemiological Risk Factors for Animal Influenza A Viruses Overcoming Species Barriers.
Translated Title
Published in
EcoHealth 2017; 14(2):342-60
Abstract
Drivers and risk factors for Influenza A virus transmission across species barriers are poorly understood, despite the ever present threat to human and animal health potentially on a pandemic scale. Here we review the published evidence for epidemiological risk factors associated with influenza viruses transmitting between animal species and from animals to humans. A total of 39 papers were found with evidence of epidemiological risk factors for influenza virus transmission from animals to humans; 18 of which had some statistical measure associated with the transmission of a virus. Circumstantial or observational evidence of risk factors for transmission between animal species was found in 21 papers, including proximity to infected animals, ingestion of infected material and potential association with a species known to carry influenza virus. Only three publications were found which presented a statistical measure of an epidemiological risk factor for the transmission of influenza between animal species. This review has identified a significant gap in knowledge regarding epidemiological risk factors for the transmission of influenza viruses between animal species.