Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020-2021.
Hogerwerf, Lenny Post, Pim M Bom, Ben van der Hoek, Wim van de Kassteele, Jan Stemerding, Annette M de Vries, Wilco Houthuijs, Danny
Hogerwerf, Lenny
Post, Pim M
Bom, Ben
van der Hoek, Wim
van de Kassteele, Jan
Stemerding, Annette M
de Vries, Wilco
Houthuijs, Danny
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Series / Report no.
Open Access
Type
Article
Language
en
Date of publication
2022-08-15
Year of publication
Research Projects
Organizational Units
Journal Issue
Title
Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020-2021.
Translated Title
Published in
International journal of hygiene and environmental health 2022;245:114022
Abstract
The study population was the population of the Netherlands excluding the very strongly urbanised areas and border areas, on January 1, 2019 (12, 628, 244 individuals). The cases are the individuals reported with a laboratory-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 test with onset before January 1, 2022 (2, 223, 692 individuals). For each individual, we calculated distance to nearest livestock farm (cattle, goat, sheep, pig, poultry, horse, rabbit, mink). The associations between residential (6-digit postal-code) distance to the nearest livestock farm and individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status was studied with multilevel logistic regression models. Models were adjusted for individuals' age categories, the social status of the postal code area, particulate matter (PM10)- and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-concentrations. We analysed data for the entire period and population as well as separately for eight time periods (Jan-Mar, Apr-Jun, Jul-Sep and Oct-Dec in 2020 and 2021), four geographic areas of the Netherlands (north, east, west and south), and for five age categories (0-14, 15-24, 25-44, 45-64 and > 65 years).