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    Enhanced respiratory responses in children exposed to air pollution. An epidemiological study

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    Authors
    Steerenberg PA
    Nierkens S
    Fischer PH, Loveren H van
    Opperhuizen A
    Vos JG
    Amsterdam JGC van
    Series/Report no.
    RIVM rapport 640250001
    Type
    Report
    Language
    en
    
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    Title
    Enhanced respiratory responses in children exposed to air pollution. An epidemiological study
    Translated Title
    Verhoogde luchtwegreactiviteit in kinderen blootgesteld aan luchtverontreiniging. Een epidemiologische studie
    Publiekssamenvatting
    The association between trafficrelated air pollution and respiratory symptoms was studied using a longitudinal observational design with repeated measures in 82 children attending elementary schools in Utrecht (urban) or Bilthoven (suburban). Selection of the schools was based on yearly mean values for black smoke (BS), indicative for trafficrelated air pollution: Utrecht 53 plusminusg/m3 and Bilthoven 18 plusminusg/m3. Levels of the air pollutants, NO, NO2, CO and BS, as indicators of traffic related air pollution, were consistently higher in Utrecht than in Bilthoven (mean daily ratios 8, 1.5, 1.8 and 2.7, respectively). Children living in Utrecht (moderate exposure) showed higher mean levels (p<0.05): IL-8 (32%), urea (39%), uric acid (26%), albumin (15%), and the NO metabolites nitrate & nitrite (21%) in nasal lavage, compared to children living in Bilthoven (low exposure). Associations were demonstrated between PEF, NO in exhaled air and inflammatory parameters in nasal lavage and ambient levels of PM10, BS, NO2 and NO. Highly exposed children living in Utrecht showed per unit increase in air pollution levels increased responses in PEF, exhaled NO and nasal release of uric acid, urea, nitrite and nitrate as compared to children living in a suburban environment (Bilthoven). The conclusion is that children regularly exposed to moderate levels of trafficrelated air pollution show increased mean nasal levels of inflammatory biomarkers, and respond more pronounced to the same increments in air pollution than children living in a suburban environment and exposed to low background levels of air pollution.
    De associatie tussen verkeersgerelateerde luchtverontreiniging en luchtwegklachten werd bestudeerd in een longitudinale observationele studie met herhaalde metingen bij 82 kinderen van de basisschool in Utrecht (stad) of Bilthoven (dorp). De scholen waren geselecteerd op basis van jaarwaarden voor zwarte rook (ZR), hetgeen indicatief is voor verkeersgerelateerde luchtverontreiniging: Utrecht 53 mug/m3 en Bilthoven 18 mug/m3. Niveaus van luchtverontreiniging NO, NO2, CO en ZR, als indicatoren voor verkeersgerelateerde luchtverontreiniging, waren in Utrecht belangrijk hoger dan in Bilthoven (gemiddelde dagelijkse ratio's waren respectievelijk 8, 1,5, 1,8 en 2,7). Kinderen die wonen in Utrecht (matige blootstelling) vertoonden gemiddeld hogere niveaus (p<0,05) van IL-8 (32%), ureum (39%), urinezuur (26%), albumine (15%) en de NO-metabolieten nitraat en nitriet (21%) in de neuslavage in vergelijking met kinderen die in Bilthoven wonen (lage blootstelling). Associaties werden aangetoond tussen enerzijds PEF, NO in uitgeademde lucht en ontstekingsmediatoren in de neuslavagevloeistof en anderzijds PM10, ZR, NO2 en NO in buitenlucht. Bij een gelijke verhoging van luchtverontreiniging vertoonden kinderen in Utrecht een grotere response in PEF en uitgeademde NO en in de neus een grotere toename van urinezuur, ureum, nitraat en nitriet in vergelijking met kinderen in Bilthoven. Kinderen die veelvuldig blootgesteld werden aan matige niveaus van verkeersgerelateerde luchtverontreiniging vertoonden verhoogde gemiddelde niveaus van ontstekingsmediatoren in de neus en reageerden sterker op dezelfde toename van luchtverontreiniging vergeleken met kinderen wonend in een dorpse omgeving en blootgesteld aan lage achtergrondswaarden van luchtverontreiniging.
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10029/10217
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