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    Authors
    Slooff W
    Beelen P van
    Annema JA
    Janus JA
    Series/Report no.
    RIVM Rapport 710401023
    Language
    nl
    
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    Title
    Basisdocument Kwik
    Translated Title
    Integrated criteria document Mercury
    Publiekssamenvatting
    This document contains data on mercury concerning the sources and distribution, and the risks based exposure levels and hazardous concentrations. The autonomous developments in the emissions are also described and an insight is given into any possible technical measures for further emission control.Mercury is one of the heavy metals. In the Netherlands mercury is obtained as a byproduct (several tonnes) in the natural gas extraction and the primary zinc production. In 1990 its use amounted to 13 tonnes, 40% of which was applied as amalgam in dentistry, 20% in batteries and 40% in measuring equipment, incandescent lamps and in the chloralkali industry. An amount of approximately 40 tonnes of mercury is landfilled annually with waste (based on 1990 data). A major cause of the relatively high amount of mercury waste is the non-intentional mercury flow: mercury as an unintended byproduct in various base materials. This non-intentional flow is responsible for more than 50% of the mercury occurring in waste.The emission to air amounted to approximately 4 tonnes (particularly from waste incineration and the chloralkali industry), to water amounted to approximately 1 tonne (especially from the phosphorous fertilizer industry and dentistry), to the soil to approximately 1.2 tonne (especially by application of fertilizer on agricultural land).The contribution to the mercury load from abroad is considerable. For surface water this is estimated at 75% (based on 1990 data). The deposition is also mainly determined by the background level and thus constitutes the major load of the soil in the Netherlands.
    Onderhavig document omvat gegevens over kwik inzake de bronnen en verspreiding en de risico's op basis van afweging van blootstellingsniveaus en schadelijke concentraties. Tevens worden de autonome ontwikkelingen in de emissies geschetst en inzicht gegeven in mogelijke aanvullende technische maatregelen voor verdere emissiereductie. De emissie naar het milieu door Nederlandse bronnen bedraagt enkele tonnen per jaar. De bijdrage aan de kwikbelasting vanuit het buitenland is groot. Voor het oppervlakte-water wordt deze geschat op 75%. Ook de depositie wordt vooral bepaald door het achtergrondniveau en vormt de belangrijkste belasting van de bodem in Nederland. Op basis van de gegevens in dit document wordt geconcludeerd dat de huidige en toekomstige blootstellingsniveaus voor de mens op een toelaatbaar risiconiveau liggen. Met betrekking tot de water- en (water)bodemecosystemen en de daarvan afhankelijke hogere predatoren zijn er aanwijzingen dat de bestaande risico's beperkt zijn, met de kanttekening dat de risicoschatting grote onzekerheden kent. De afgeleide MTR-waarden liggen op een vergelijkbaar niveau als de grenswaarden. De grenswaarden worden in het aquatisch milieu op veel plaatsen overschreden ; terugdringen van het risico zal door emissie-reducties weliswaar plaatsvinden, maar het is onzeker of de gestelde emissie-doelstellingen worden gehaald. In het terrestisch milieu is normoverschrijding minder evident ; hier geldt echter het probleem dat de emissiedoelstelling niet zal worden gehaald en er sprake blijft van accumulatie van kwik in de bodem.
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10029/10295
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    RIVM official reports

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