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    Emissies van schadelijke stoffen bij branden

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    Authors
    Mennen MG
    Belle NJC van
    Series/Report no.
    RIVM rapport 609021051
    Type
    Report
    Language
    nl
    
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    Title
    Emissies van schadelijke stoffen bij branden
    Translated Title
    Emissions of hazardous compounds from fires
    Publiekssamenvatting
    Het RIVM heeft onderzocht welke schadelijke stoffen vrijkomen bij branden met bepaalde soorten materialen, zoals autobanden, kunststoffen of hout. Hulpverleners en ondersteunende diensten kunnen deze gegevens gebruiken om bij een brand te bepalen op welke stoffen wordt gemeten, een risicobeoordeling te maken en eventuele maatregelen te treffen. Van de meeste stoffen die bij brand vrijkomen zijn verhoogde concentraties in de lucht te meten, maar dat is niet per definitie schadelijk voor de gezondheid. Op locaties vanaf een kilometer van de brandhaard zijn deze risico's verwaarloosbaar. Uitzonderingen daarop zijn zeer grote branden. Sommige stoffen, zoals koolmonoxide en fijn stof, komen bij vrijwel elke brand vrij. Andere stoffen worden voornamelijk gevormd als er specifieke materialen in de brandhaard aanwezig zijn. Voorbeelden zijn zoutzuur en dioxinen bij verbranding van PVC. In dit rapport staan per type materiaal de omvang van de uitstoot van de belangrijkste verbrandingsproducten in een beknopt en handzaam overzicht weergegeven. Voor het onderzoek zijn literatuurgegevens gecombineerd met metingen van de Milieu Ongevallen Dienst (MOD) van het RIVM. Deze dienst heeft in de afgelopen jaren bij meer dan vijftig branden de concentraties stoffen in de lucht en de neerslag ervan in de omgeving gemeten. Het onderzoek maakt duidelijk dat van sommige stoffen meer inzicht gewenst is in de concentraties die bij brand vrijkomen en of zij schadelijk zijn voor mens en milieu. Een voorbeeld hiervan zijn broomhoudende brandvertragers in kunststoffen die in computers zitten.
    During the last decade the Environmental Incident Service of the RIVM has measured the levels of hazardous airborne compounds and deposited particles at more than fifty major fires. These data have been systematically classified with the aim of determining the types and levels of hazardous compounds released in fires of specific materials, such as plastics, wood and chemical waste. Literature data from incineration experiments and field measurements carried out near fires were also used. The results of this study are summarized in a concise and practical table that gives the types and amounts of substances, both gaseous and particle bound, released in fires of certain materials. The table can be used by fire brigades and environmental measuring services to determine the appropriate measuring strategy for fires and to make a risk assessment of people exposed to the smoke. The study shows that all fires generate substantial amounts of the common combustion products, including carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and fine particles. Other components are only released from the combustion of specific materials - for example, hydrogen chloride and dioxins from the combustion of polyvinyl chloride. Ambient air concentrations of emitted compounds are always increased downwind of the fire, even up to a few hundred meters from the source. This does not, however, imply by definition that those people exposed run enhanced health risks. At distances of 1 km or more from the fire concentrations are at a normal level, or only slightly elevated. The deposition of particles emitting from fires - with the exception of very large fires or special fires - barely results in any environmental contamination. Measurement data are scarce on a number of compounds that may be formed in a fire and which are potentially risky, such as isocyanates, bromine containing fire retardants, nitrogen- and sulphur-containing PAHs, furans, nitriles, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen fluoride. More insight into the behaviour of these compounds and their emission from fires as well as their impact on both the environment and health of human beings is desired. Adequate methods for measuring the concentrations of these compounds near fires also need to be developed.
    Sponsors
    VROM-Inspectie
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10029/256078
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