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    De kwaliteit van ondiep en middeldiep grondwater in Nederland : In het jaar 2008 en de verandering daarvan in 1984-2008

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    Authors
    van Vliet ME
    Vrijhoef A
    Boumans LJM
    Wattel-Koekkoek EJW
    Series/Report no.
    RIVM rapport 680721005
    Type
    Report
    Language
    nl
    
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    Title
    De kwaliteit van ondiep en middeldiep grondwater in Nederland : In het jaar 2008 en de verandering daarvan in 1984-2008
    Translated Title
    Quality of shallow and medium-deep groundwater in the Netherlands : In 2008 and changes in the quality during the period 1984-2008
    Publiekssamenvatting
    In 2008 overschrijden ammonium, totaal-fosfor, nitraat, kalium, nikkel, cadmium, zink, chroom, arseen, sulfaat, chloride, de zuurgraad en aluminium de toetsingswaarde in het ondiepe en middeldiepe grondwater van Nederland. Tussen 1984 en 2008 is de grondwaterkwaliteit over het algemeen weinig veranderd. In zandgebieden is de kwaliteit zowel gedaald als gestegen. Aangetoonde dalingen kunnen het gevolg zijn van minder mestgebruik, minder atmosferische neerslag van metalen en een lagere aanvoer van dierlijke mest. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van het RIVM, in opdracht van het ministerie van VROM.
    In de zandgebieden zijn veel van de toetsingswaarden overschreden. Vooral in het ondiepe grondwater van het zuidwestelijke zandgebied en de Peelhorst en oude rivierterrassen langs de Maas komen veel verhoogde concentraties voor. Waarschijnlijk veroorzaakt de afbraak van organisch materiaal de hoge concentratie totaal-fosfor en ammonium in het rivierengebied. Daarnaast is arseen in dit gebied van nature in hoge mate aanwezig. Als gevolg van invloeden van zee zijn de concentraties van chloride en kalium in de zeeklei- en laagveengebieden hoog. Overeenkomsten tussen het ondiepe en middeldiepe grondwater in polders en droogmakerijen en het zeekleigebied suggereren dat door de afbraak van organische stof ammonium vrijkomt. Brak water in de ondergrond van duinen en strandwallen beïnvloedt de hoge concentraties chloride, sulfaat en kalium in het middeldiepe grondwater aldaar. De afbraak van organisch materaal is de meest voor de handliggende verklaring voor de hoge concentraties ammonium en totaal-fosfor in zowel ondiep als middeldiep grondwater.

    The levels of ammonium, total phosphorus (total P), nitrate, potassium, nickel, cadmium, zinc, chromium, arsenic, sulphate, chloride, aluminium and pH measured in shallow and medium-deep groundwater in the Netherlands in 2008 exceed the environmental quality objectives. The quality of the groundwater has not changed remarkably between 1984 and 2008. Both decreases and increases in the quality of shallow and medium-deep groundwater in sandy areas have been observed. Improvements in water quality may be due to a lower use of fertilizer, lower quantities of heavy metals entering the groundwater via atmospheric precipitation and reduced surface spreading of animal manure. These are the major conclusions of a study carried out by the RIVM by order of the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM).
    Many environmental quality objectives are exceeded in sandy areas. Increased values are particularly prevalent in shallow groundwater in sandy areas in the south of the Netherlands and the Peelhorst area and in river terraces along the Meuse River. The high concentrations of total P and ammonium in these river areas likely result from the degradation of organic material. These areas also contain high concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic. The concentrations of chloride and potassium in marine clay and peat areas are high due to the influence of the sea. Similarities between shallow and mediumdeep groundwater in 'polders' (e.g. reclaimed land) and in marine clay areas suggest that ammonium is released as a result of organic matter degradation. The high concentrations of chloride, sulphate and potassium in the medium-deep groundwater in sand dunes and barrier beaches are influenced by brackish water in the subsoil. The most likely explanation for high concentrations of ammonium and total P in both shallow and medium-deep groundwater is the degradation of organic matter.
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
    Sponsors
    VROM
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