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    Schatting van de blootstelling van sportduikers aan ziekteverwekkende micro-organismen in water

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    Authors
    Schijven JF
    de Roda Husman AM
    Series/Report no.
    RIVM rapport 330000009
    Type
    Onderzoeksrapport
    Language
    nl
    
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    Title
    Schatting van de blootstelling van sportduikers aan ziekteverwekkende micro-organismen in water
    Translated Title
    Assessment of the exposure of sport divers to micro-organisms in water
    Publiekssamenvatting
    Op grond van geschatte hoeveelheden water, die sportduikers inslikken tijdens duiken, werd berekend dat zij een hoge kans (enkele tot tientallen procenten) lopen op infectie door ziekteverwekkende micro-organismen in fecaal verontreinigd oppervlaktewater. Beschermende kleding en volgelaatsmaskers zijn aanbevolen, omdat ze de blootstelling van de huid aan het water en de hoeveelheden ingeslikt water reduceren. Verondersteld wordt dat duikers vaker en intensiever dan zwemmers contact hebben met water, dat bovendien niet onder de zwemwaterrichtlijn valt, waardoor duikers meer aan ziekteverwekkende micro-organismen in oppervlaktewater kunnen worden blootgesteld en derhalve een hoger gezondheidsrisico lopen. Sportduikers die lid zijn van de Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (ongeveer 26000 leden) werden benaderd om via het internet een enquete in te vullen met vragen over het duiken en gezondheidsklachten, waarop 482 duikers reageerden. Berekend werd dat het gemiddelde jaarlijks ingeslikte volume water door duiken in open zee 18 ml, in kustwater 116 ml, in recreatiewater 231 ml en in zwembaden 338 ml bedroeg. Op basis daarvan werd geschat dat de risico's op infectie door ziekteverwekkende micro-organismen in fecaal verontreinigd water enkele tot tientallen procenten hoog kunnen zijn, zelfs per enkele duik. Het ingeslikte volume water per duik met een volgelaatsmasker is tien keer lager dan met een gewoon duikmasker. Slechts 20% van de duikers meldde geen enkele van de gevraagde gezondheidsklachten te hebben gehad. Meer dan de helft van de duikers meldde oorklachten, ongeveer 40% meldde diarree, 30% luchtwegklachten, 27% huidklachten, 27% misselijkheid, 17% braken en 14% oogklachten.

    Based on estimated quantities of water that are swallowed by sport divers during diving, it was calculated that sport divers may run a high risk of infection (a few up to tens of percents) by pathogenic microorganisms in fecally contaminated surface water. Protective diving suits and masks are recommended as they reduce the exposure of the skin and the amount of water that is being swallowed. It is assumed that divers are more frequent and intensive in contact with water, that in addition is not under the regulation of bathing water guidelines. Therefore, divers are more exposed to pathogens in the surface water than bathers and run a higher risk of infection. Sport divers who are member of the Dutch Divers Union (approximately 26000 members) were approached to fill in an questionnaire on the internet with questions about diving and health complaints. In total 482 divers replied. It was estimated that the average yearly ingested volume of water by diving in open sea amounts to 18 ml, in coastal waters 116 ml, in recreational fresh waters 231 ml and in circulation pools 338 ml. On the basis of these volumes it was estimated that the risk of infection by pathogens in fecally contaminated water may be as high as a few up to tens of percents, even in a single dive. The ingested volume of water per dive with a full face mask is ten times lower than with an ordinary diving mask. Only 20% of the divers reported to have had none of the health complaints. More than half of the divers reported ear complaints, about 40% reported diarrhoea, 30% respiratory complaints, 27% skin complaints, 27% nausea, 17% vomiting and 14% eye complaints.
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
    Sponsors
    VROM-DGM-BWL
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