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    Cancer risk assessment of azo dyes and aromatic amines from garment and footwear

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    Authors
    Zeilmaker MJ
    Kroese ED
    van Haperen P
    van Veen MP
    Bremmer HJ
    van Kranen HJ
    Wouters MFA
    Janus J
    Type
    Report
    Language
    en
    
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    Title
    Cancer risk assessment of azo dyes and aromatic amines from garment and footwear
    Translated Title
    Het risico op kanker na blootstelling aan azo kleurstoffen en aromatische aminen uit kleding en schoeisel
    Publiekssamenvatting
    Dit rapport beschrijft een schatting voor het risico op kanker dat verbonden is aan het dragen van kleding en schoeisel waarin kankerverwekkende azo kleurstoffen aangetroffen zijn. In de risicoschatting wordt de (geschatte) hoeveelheid aromatische aminen die tijdens het dragen van kleding en schoeisel in het lichaam opgenomen kan worden vergeleken met het chronische, acceptabel geachte, blootstellingsniveau van deze aminen. In de risicoschatting wordt met de volgende aspecten rekening gehouden: 1) de kans dat azo kleurstoffen en aminen in kleding en schoeisel voorkomen, 2) het aantal malen dat kleding en schoeisel gedragen wordt, 3) de mate waarin kleding en schoeisel met de huid in contact komen, 4) de hoeveelheid aminen en azo kleurstoffen die in kleding en schoeisel voorkomen, 5) de mate waarin azo kleurstoffen en aminen met zweet uit kledingtextiel en schoeisel uitlogen, 6) de opname door de huid van azo kleurstoffen en aminen en 7) de acceptabele limieten zoals die gesteld zijn voor de chronische bloostelling aan kankerverwekkende aromatische aminen. Deze laatste limieten zijn gesteld op de blootstellingsniveaus die leiden tot 1 extra geval van kanker per miljoen levenslang blootgestelden ("Negligible Risk Level", NRL) resp. 1 extra geval van kanker per tienduizend levenslang blootgestelden ("Maximum Permissible Risk Level", MPRL). Het risico op kanker is voor 6 stuks kledingtextiel, 2 stuks textiel schoeisel en 2 stuks leren schoeisel berekend. In deze producten zijn benzidine, o-tolidine, o-dianisidine en 2,4-toluenediamine aangetroffen. In alle gevallen bleek het dragen van de onderzochte producten te leiden tot een blootstelling aan aminen die ligt boven de NRL. In 3 onderzochte stuks kledingtextiel bleek deze blootstelling zelfs boven de MPRL te liggen.<br>
    A quantitative assessment was performed to estimate the cancer risk to individuals wearing garment and footwear coloured with azo dyes. Basically, the risk assessment consists of both a comparison of the (estimated) level of aromatic amines which, during the wearing of garment and footwear, enters the body, and the acceptable limits as set for the chronic exposure to these amines. The following aspects were taken into account in the risk assessment: 1) the chance that garments and footwear contain azo dyes and amines, 2) the frequency with which garment and footwear is worn, 3) the fraction of garment and footwear which comes into contact with the skin, 4) the level of amines in garment and footwear, 5) the leaching of azo dyes and amines from garment and footwear with sweat, 6) the absorption of azo dyes and amines through the skin and 7) the acceptable limits set for the chronic exposure to aromatic amines. The "Negligible Risk Level" (NRL), lifelong exposure leading to one extra case of cancer in one million exposed persons and the "Maximal Permissible Risk Level (MPRL)", lifelong exposure leading to one extra case of cancer in 10,000 exposed persons) were taken for these last limits. In a quantitative risk assessment performed for 6 garment pieces, 2 pieces of textile footwear and 2 pieces of leather footwear, benzidine, o-tolidine, o-dianisidine and 2,4-toluenedimine were detected in all the samples. In all cases wearing garments and footwear containing these products led to an exposure of amines exceeding the NRL. The calculated exposure even exceeded the MPRL in three garment pieces.<br>
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    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
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