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    General surveillance for effects of GM crops on the soil ecosystem

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    Authors
    Smit E
    Glandorf B
    Bergmans H
    Series/Report no.
    RIVM report 607001003
    Type
    Report
    Language
    en
    
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    Title
    General surveillance for effects of GM crops on the soil ecosystem
    Translated Title
    General Surveillance van effecten van genetisch gemodificeerde gewassen op het bodem ecosysteem
    Publiekssamenvatting
    Het RIVM heeft onderzocht welke indicatoren het meest geschikt zijn om onverwachte effecten van genetisch gemodificeerde (GM) gewassen op de bodem aan te geven. Daaruit blijkt dat een beperkt aantal processen en organismen dat iets kan zeggen over de gesteldheid van de bodem wordt beinvloed door GM-gewassen. Processen als het gehalte aan organisch stof en de mate waarin dat wordt afgebroken, de aanwezigheid van een bepaalde groep aaltjes en bodemschimmels kunnen daardoor als indicator worden gebruikt.
    Europese regelgeving stelt General Surveillance (GS), een nog te ontwikkelen systeem om het milieu te monitoren, verplicht als GM-gewassen tot de markt worden toegelaten. Het is echter nog niet duidelijk hoe een dergelijk General Surveillance systeem dient te worden opgezet en welke indicatoren het beste kunnen worden gekozen.
    Om geschikte indicatoren voor de bodem te vinden zijn in de literatuur de effecten van GMgewassen op het bodemsysteem onderzocht. De gerapporteerde effecten bleken vaak beperkt en van korte duur. Bovendien kan niet worden beoordeeld of deze effecten negatief zijn. In alle gevallen bleken de effecten van de gewone landbouwpraktijk, zoals ploegen en andere gewassoorten op de bodem telen, groter dan de effecten van GM-gewassen. Op basis van deze bevindingen zijn de bovengenoemde indicatoren voor de bodem aanbevolen voor General Surveillance.

    RIVM has investigated which indicators would be most suitable to detect unanticipated effects of genetically modified (GM) crops on the soil system. A limited number of processes and groups of organisms that provide information about the state of the soil appeared to be affected by GM crops. Processes and organisms such as the amount and degradation rate of organic matter, the presence of nematodes and certain soil fungi can be used as indicators.
    EU legislation prescribes that genetically modified (GM) crops approved for cultivation should be submitted to General Surveillance (GS) in order to detect unanticipated adverse environmental effects. However, the modalities of GS are not clear. In this study issues regarding the development of a GS system for the soil ecosystem, are discussed.
    Only very few and small effects of GM crops on the soil ecosystem were found. In all cases, effects of normal agricultural practice, such as tillage and the cultivation of other crop species, were larger than those caused by the GM crops. Based on the outcome of effects observed for GM crops in field studies, only a limited number of indicators could be proposed, such as breakdown of organic material and changes in the nematode community. We suggest the incorporation of these indicators in a GS system. Depending on the development of tools to study arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi adequately in a GS system, this group could be an additional indicator for a future GS system. Based on the complexity of detecting unanticipated effects of GM cultivation, we propose to combine data obtained with these indicators with information from existing monitoring networks and the use of other tools for surveillance.
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
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    RIVM
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