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    Sulphur dioxide emissions of oceangoing vessels measured remotely with Lidar

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    Authors
    Berkhout AJC
    Swart DPJ
    van der Hoff GR
    Bergwerff JB
    Series/Report no.
    RIVM report 609021119
    Type
    Report
    Language
    en
    
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    Title
    Sulphur dioxide emissions of oceangoing vessels measured remotely with Lidar
    Translated Title
    Zwaveldioxide-uitstoot van zeeschepen op afstand gemeten met Lidar
    Publiekssamenvatting
    Het RIVM heeft een instrument ontwikkeld om vanaf de wal de zwaveldioxideuitstoot van voorbijvarende zeeschepen te meten. Dit instrument maakt gebruik van de zogeheten Lidar-techniek (Light Detection And Ranging). Het instrument scant met een laserbundel de rookpluim van een passerend schip en stelt zo onopgemerkt de uitstoot vast. Hiermee is tussen 2006 en 2008 bij een groot aantal schepen op de Westerschelde en op het Noordzeekanaal de uitstoot van zwaveldioxide gemeten. De hoogst gemeten uitstoot bedroeg 37 gram per seconde.

    De totale uitstoot van zwaveldioxide neemt in Nederland al jaren af. Sinds 2006 daalt ook de uitstoot door de zeescheepvaart, maar minder hard dan de uitstoot door andere bronnen. Daardoor is de zeescheepvaart een steeds belangrijker bron van deze emissie geworden. In 2010 was 55 procent van de Nederlandse uitstoot van zwaveldioxide afkomstig van de zeescheepvaart. In 1990 was dit nog 21 procent.

    Zeeschepen mogen binnen de territoriale wateren en op de Noordzee niet op zwavelrijke brandstof varen. Deze relatief goedkope brandstof mag echter wel aan boord zijn voor gebruik elders op zee. Het is onbekend in hoeverre reders zich aan het verbod houden. Bij de traditionele meetmethoden worden brandstofmonsters aan boord genomen. Dit vereist dat iemand aan boord gaat, waardoor een controleteam slechts enkele schepen per dag kan controleren.

    De Lidar is nog geen wettelijk erkend instrument, waardoor op dit moment op grond van alleen Lidar-metingen geen boetes gegeven kunnen worden. De Lidar kan wel gebruikt worden om vermoedelijke overtreders te identificeren, waarna een wetshandhaver per patrouilleboot aan boord kan gaan om de overtreding vast te stellen. Inzet op deze wijze blijkt op dit moment al wel kosteneffectief. Dit komt doordat hiermee vrijwel alle passerende schepen kunnen worden gemeten en dure scheepspatrouilles uitsluitend hoeven worden ingezet voor vermoedelijke overtreders. Bovendien wordt de pakkans zo sterk vergroot. Daardoor mag verwacht worden dat het aantal overtredingen zal afnemen als de Lidar wordt ingezet.

    RIVM developed a shore-based instrument to measure the sulphur dioxide emissions of passing seagoing vessels. This instrument applies the Lidar (Light Detection And Ranging) technique by scanning the exhaust plume of a passing ship with a laser beam and, after analysis of the return signals, determining the emissions. This whole procedure occurs unnoticed by the passing ship. The instrument was used between 2006 and 2008 to measure sulphur dioxide emissions from a large number of ships sailing on the Western Scheldt estuary and North Sea Canal. The highest measured emission of sulphur dioxide was 37 grammes per second.

    The total amount of sulphur dioxide emissions in the Netherlands has been declining for many years. Since 2006, emissions from oceangoing shipping vessels have been declining as well, but not as fast as those from other sources. Consequently, the contribution from oceangoing shipping vessels has become a proportionally more important source of sulphur dioxide emissions. In 2010, 55 percent of the Dutch sulphur dioxide emissions originated with seagoing vessels; in 1990, this was 21 percent.

    Seagoing ships are not allowed to use sulphur-rich fuel in Dutch territorial waters and on the North Sea. However, this relatively cheap fuel may be on board for use elsewhere at sea. To what extent ship owners comply with this ban is not known. Traditional measurement methods, such as taking fuel samples on board, require a ship to be boarded. Therefore, a team of inspectors can check only a few ships per day using such control measures.

    Lidar systems have not yet been recognised as a law enforcement instrument; consequently, no fines can be imposed based on Lidar measurements only. However, data collected by the Lidar instrument may be used to identify possible offenders, leading to the subsequent boarding of the ship in question by a law enforcement official to ascertain whether the law was breached. When this integral approach is implemented, the use of the Lidar instrument is costeffective despite current legal restrictions due to its capability to scan the emissions of almost all passing ships. The deployment of patrol vessels, with their high running costs, then only becomes necessary to monitor those ships which, based on Lidar data, are the most likely offenders. Moreover, the use of the Lidar instrument greatly increases the chance of identifying and catching offenders. It can therefore be expected that fewer ships will breach the ban on the use of sulphur-rich fuel.
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
    Sponsors
    VROM-Inspectie
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10029/259550
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    RIVM official reports

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