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    Validation of toxicity data and risk limits for soils: final report

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    Authors
    Posthuma L
    van Gestel CAM
    Smit CE
    Bakker DJ
    Vonk JW
    Type
    Report
    Language
    en
    
    Metadata
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    Title
    Validation of toxicity data and risk limits for soils: final report
    Translated Title
    Validatie toxiciteitsgegevens en risicogrenzen bodem: eindrapport
    Publiekssamenvatting
    In Nederland worden de risicogrenzen, de zogenaamde 'Hazardous Concentrations' (HC5 en HC50), afgeleid uit bestaande laboratorium-toxiciteitsgegevens via statistische extrapolatie. In een meerjarig onderzoek van RIVM, samen met VU en TNO zijn de volgende vragen kritisch getoetst: (1) wat is de veldrelevantie van laboratorium-toxiciteitsgegevens, en (2) wat is de ecologische betekenis van de via de bovenomschreven methodiek afgeleide risicogrenzen? Metalen dienden als modelstoffen. Het onderzoek toont aan, dat de veldrelevantie van laboratorium-toxiciteitsgegevens groter wordt als voor belangrijke stuurvariabelen zoals bodem-pH en veroudering gecorrigeerd wordt. Correctie van toxiciteitsgegevens wordt echter beperkt doordat bestaande literatuurgegevens onvoldoende informatie bevatten. Het onderzoek bevestigt dat de uitkomsten van de huidige extrapolatiemethoden plausibel zijn. Optredende, en in het onderzoek gemeten, toxische effecten op kenmerken van levensgemeenschappen, zoals soortendiversiteit, zijn bij de HC5-waarde niet of slechts in geringe mate zichtbaar, terwijl boven het niveau van de HC50-waarde de effecten wezenlijk zijn. Gezien deze resultaten, zijn er geen doorslaggevende redenen om de methode ter afleiding van generieke risicogrenzen aan te passen. Bij de beoordeling van specifieke gevallen van verontreiniging, waarbij overschrijding van generieke grenzen optreedt, wordt er van uitgegaan dat nader onderzoek plaats moet vinden naar de locatie-specifieke risico's.<br>
    No Observed Effect Concentrations of species or processes are used to derive statistical sensitivity distributions. Hazardous Concentrations (HC5 and HC50) derived from these distributions define the ecotoxicological risk limits. The project 'Validation of Toxicity Data and Risk Limits for Soils' was set up to evaluate the ecological relevance of (1) laboratory toxicity data and (2) ecotoxicological risk limits, and to identify which factors introduce uncertainties. Toxic effects of zinc and other metals were studied on selected species (Trifolium pratense, Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus crypticus, Eisenia andrei) and on microbial degradation activities. Differences in bioavailability between soil types were found to be of prime importance in laboratory-to-field extrapolation of toxicity data. Studies with mixtures suggested that each contaminant should be taken into account in risk assessment. Variable exposure conditions appeared to modulate toxicity moderately. Toxic effects of zinc on community endpoints were determined at an experimental field plot and a heavy-metal contaminated field site using enchytraeids, nematodes and micro-organisms. No or weak responses were found at the HC5 level, while measurable effects were present at the HC50 level. This was confirmed by data from the literature. The scientific underpinning of HC values may be improved if toxicity-modulating factors such as bioavailability are taken into account in the interpretation of laboratory toxicity data and if long-term effects of contaminants are focused on.<br>
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
    Vrije Universiteit
    Amsterdam
    TNO/MEP
    Den Helder
    Sponsors
    DGM-Bo
    DGM-SVS
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