De invloed van weersomstandigheden op de microbiologische kwaliteit van hemelwater toegepast voor toiletspoeling en schoonmaken
Series/Report no.
RIVM rapport 703719017Type
OnderzoeksrapportLanguage
nlMetadata
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De invloed van weersomstandigheden op de microbiologische kwaliteit van hemelwater toegepast voor toiletspoeling en schoonmakenTranslated Title
The effect of weather on the microbiological quality of rainwater used for toilet flushing and cleaningPubliekssamenvatting
Onderzoek naar de microbiologische kwaliteit van opgevangen regenwater dat bewaard werd in reservoirs toonde aan dat dit water altijd fecaal verontreinigd was en soms ziekteverwekkende micro-organismen zoals Campylobacter, Legionella, Cryptosporidium of Giardia bevatte. De mate van fecale verontreiniging van het water werd beinvloed door de hoeveelheid neerslag en de neerslagintensiteit.Als vervolg op een in 2005 uitgevoerd inventariserend onderzoek naar de microbiologische kwaliteit van opgevangen regenwater werd in 2006 het effect van omgevingsfactoren op de microbiologische kwaliteit van opgevangen regenwater onderzocht. Uit drie regenwaterreservoirs werden onder verschillende omstandigheden monsters genomen, zodat de mogelijke invloed van droogte, (hevige) neerslag, al dan niet na een periode van droogte, en temperatuur bestudeerd kon worden. De aanwezigheid van Campylobacter, Salmonella, Vibrio, Legionella, Cryptosporidium, Giardia en enterovirussen werd onderzocht.
Bij een hoge neerslagintensiteit na een periode van droogte steeg het aantal fecale indicatorbacterien in het water in de reservoirs en werden ziekteverwekkende bacterien zoals Campylobacter gevonden. Door afspoeling van vogelfeces vanaf de daken kunnen hoge aantallen Campylobacter in de reservoirs terechtkomen, waardoor het denkbaar is dat bij gebruik van het opgevangen regenwater voor toiletspoeling niet aan het in het Waterleidingbesluit gestelde infectierisico van 1 per 10.000 personen per jaar wordt voldaan.
A 2006 study of the microbiological quality of rainwater collected in reservoirs demonstrated that this water was fecally contaminated at all instances and sometimes contained pathogenic micro-organisms such as Campylobacter, Legionella, Cryptosporidium or Giardia. The amount of rainfall and rainfall intensity influenced the level of faecal contamination of the water.
The study reported here - a follow up to a pilot study on the microbiological quality of collected rainwater carried out in 2005 - dealt specifically with the effect of environmental conditions on the microbiological quality of collected rainwater. Samples were taken from three reservoirs at various environmental conditions to study the effect of drought, heavy and normal rainfall (whether or not after a period of drought) and temperature. The presence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, Vibrio, Legionella, Cryptosporidium, Giardia and enteroviruses was determined.
The number of faecal indicator bacteria in the reservoirs increased with high rainfall intensity, especially after a period of drought, and pathogenic micro-organisms such as Campylobacter were detected. Considering the high numbers of Campylobacter found in the reservoirs due to the runoff of bird faeces from roofs, it is conceivable that the requirement of one infection in 10,000 persons per year, as outlined in the Dutch Drinking Water Act, will not be met.
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