Methods and testing strategies for evaluating the genotoxic properties of chemicals

Abstract

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Current methods and testing strategies for evaluating the genotoxic effects of chemicals are reviewed. Following an overview of both somatic and germ cell mutagenesis, model organisms and tests in current use are described. Correlations of short-term tests with carcinogenicity and germ cell mutagenicity data are assessed and the two main genotoxicity testing strategies - the tier approach and the battery approach - are described. Guidelines currently recommended at international (CEC and OECD), national (the UK, Italy, Japan, Canada, and the U.S.A.), and industry (European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre) levels are described. It is concluded that, given technological progress, there is scope for improvement of current practices and methodologies. Recommendations for future research and development are given both for in-vitro and in-vivo genotoxicity tests and for ecosystems and environmental compartments.