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    Joint toxic effects of cadmium and pyrene on reproduction and growth of the earthworm Eisenia andrei

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    Authors
    Posthuma L
    Weltje L
    Anton-Sanchez FA
    Type
    Report
    Language
    en
    
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    Title
    Joint toxic effects of cadmium and pyrene on reproduction and growth of the earthworm Eisenia andrei
    Translated Title
    Toxische effecten van mengsels van cadmium en pyrene op reproductie en groei van de regenworm Eisenia andrei
    Publiekssamenvatting
    In verontreinigde gronden zijn vaak diverse verontreinigende stoffen aanwezig. Daarom moet er bij de bepaling van de ecotoxicologische risico's van de aanwezige mengsels rekening gehouden worden met mengsel-effecten. Empirische data over de toxische effecten van een polycyclische aromatische koolwaterstof (PAK) en een metaal voor een bodem-evertebraat worden gepresenteerd. De toxische effecten van mengsels van cadmium en pyreen werden bestudeerd bij de worm Eisenia andrei. Blootstelling vond plaats in een kunstmatig substraat (OECD kunstgrond). Reproductie en lichaamsgroei werden gebruikt om toxische effecten te kwantificeren. Om de mengseleffecten vast te stellen werd een geoptimaliseerde proefopzet gekozen. Daarbij werden de effecten van de afzonderlijke stoffen, en van mengsels met verschillende concentraties, simultaan bepaald. De data werden geanalyseerd met behulp van het (relatieve) Toxic Unit concept. Hiervoor werden de concentraties van beide stoffen in de mengsels uitgedrukt als fracties van hun EC50, die voor beide stoffen bepaald was via de enkelvoudige blootstelling. De mengseleffecten bleken niet significant af te wijken van de respons die verwacht wordt volgens het concentratie-additie model, hoewel er een tendens bestond voor een minder dan concentratie-additief effect op reproductie. Deze conclusie is in overeenstemming met de waarneming dat de lichaamsconcentraties van cadmium slechts in geringe mate, en alleen in de hoogste blootstellingsconcentratie, beinvloed werden door pyreen, en vice versa.<br>
    The presence of mixtures of toxicants is common rather than exceptional in contaminated soils. Joint toxicity should therefore be taken into account in the development of risk assessment criteria for contaminated soils. Site pollution with PAHs and metals often occurs, but no data exist for assessing how strong these groups of toxicants influence each others toxic effects for soil organisms. Empirical data on the joint toxicity of pyrene and cadmium for the earthworm Eisenia andrei are presented. The joint toxic effects were studied in a standardized OECD artificial soil system, and were evaluated using the (relative) Toxic Unit concept, through expression of the mixture concentrations in dimensionless toxic units. One TU was defined as the EC50 of a toxicant when applied separately. An optimized mixture toxicity design was applied to obtain the toxicity data. This design consisted of a simultaneous assessment of the concentration-effect curves for both toxicants separately and in mixture. Reproduction and body growth were chosen as toxicity endpoints. The judgement of joint toxicity was made using total soil concentrations and body concentrations of the pollutants. In both cases, the joint toxic effect of pyrene and cadmium did not significantly differ from concentration additivity, although there was a tendency for a slightly less than concentration additive (antagonistic) effect on reproduction. This conclusion was in accordance with the body concentrations of both chemicals measured after exposure, since the body concentrations of both chemicals were only slightly reduced in the presence of the other component at the highest mixture exposure concentration. The similarity of both assessments indicates that the soil was not moderating the mixture effect, although it influences the bioavailability of both toxicants.<br>
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
    Sponsors
    DGM/BO
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