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    Development and Validation of an On-Line Water Toxicity Sensor with Immobilized Luminescent Bacteria for On-Line Surface Water Monitoring.

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    Authors
    Woutersen, Marjolijn
    van der Gaag, Bram
    Abrafi Boakye, Afua
    Mink, Jan
    Marks, Robert S
    Wagenvoort, Arco J
    Ketelaars, Henk A M
    Brouwer, Bram
    Heringa, Minne B
    Type
    Article
    Language
    en
    
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    Title
    Development and Validation of an On-Line Water Toxicity Sensor with Immobilized Luminescent Bacteria for On-Line Surface Water Monitoring.
    Published in
    Sensors 2017; 17(11):e2682
    Publiekssamenvatting
    Surface water used for drinking water production is frequently monitored in The Netherlands using whole organism biomonitors, with for exampleDaphnia magnaorDreissenamussels, which respond to changes in the water quality. However, not all human-relevant toxic compounds can be detected by these biomonitors. Therefore, a new on-line biosensor has been developed, containing immobilized genetically modified bacteria, which respond to genotoxicity in the water by emitting luminescence. The performance of this sensor was tested under laboratory conditions, as well as under field conditions at a monitoring station along the river Meuse in The Netherlands. The sensor was robust and easy to clean, with inert materials, temperature control and nutrient feed for the reporter organisms. The bacteria were immobilized in sol-gel on either an optical fiber or a glass slide and then continuously exposed to water. Since the glass slide was more sensitive and robust, only this setup was used in the field. The sensor responded to spikes of genotoxic compounds in the water with a minimal detectable concentration of 0.01 mg/L mitomycin C in the laboratory and 0.1 mg/L mitomycin C in the field. With further optimization, which should include a reduction in daily maintenance, the sensor has the potential to become a useful addition to the currently available biomonitors.
    DOI
    10.3390/s17112682
    PMID
    29165334
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10029/621749
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3390/s17112682
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