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    Antibioticaresistente bacteriën, resistentiegenen en antibioticaresiduen in mest

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    Authors
    Schmitt, H
    Blaak, H
    Hoeksma, P
    van de Schans, M
    Kemper, M
    de Rijk, S
    de Roda Husman, AM
    Series/Report no.
    RIVM briefrapport 2019-0112
    Type
    Report
    Language
    nl
    
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    Title
    Antibioticaresistente bacteriën, resistentiegenen en antibioticaresiduen in mest
    Translated Title
    Antibiotic resistant bacteria, resistance genes and residues of antibiotics in manure
    Publiekssamenvatting
    In mest blijken bacteriën voor te komen die ongevoelig (resistent) zijn voor bepaalde soorten antibiotica. Ook zijn er in mest resten van antibiotica gevonden. Mest van landbouwhuisdieren, zoals koeien en varkens, wordt gebruikt om landbouwgrond mee te bemesten. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van het RIVM. Wetenschappers onderzochten hoeveel resistente bacteriën via mest in het Nederlandse milieu (in bodem en water) terechtkomen. In de onderzochte mest zijn bijzonder resistente micro-organismen (BMRO), namelijk de ESBL-producerende bacterie E. coli gemeten. Het voorkomen van deze bacterie verschilt per diersoort. Het komt tussen 40 procent (mest van leghennen) en 90 procent (mest van kalveren) voor. De hoogste concentraties ESBL-producerende E. coli zijn gevonden in mest van leghennen. De hoeveelheid mest die op het land wordt gebracht verschilt per diersoort. Doordat er veel minder pluimveemest op het land terecht komt dan mest van andere diersoorten, belasten alle soorten mest het milieu met ongeveer dezelfde hoeveelheid. Naast mest van landbouwhuisdieren is afvalwater de belangrijkste 'bron' waardoor resistente bacteriën in het milieu belanden. Resistente bacteriën komen met menselijke ontlasting in afvalwaterzuiveringsinstallaties terecht. Doordat de bacteriën daar niet helemaal worden verwijderd, belanden ze dus in het oppervlaktewater, zoals een rivier. Wetenschappers laten met dit onderzoek zien dat de totale hoeveelheid resistentie die vanuit mest op de bodem belandt ongeveer hetzelfde is als de hoeveelheid die vanuit afvalwater in het oppervlaktewater terecht komt. Vanuit mest en bodem belandt slechts een deel van de resistente bacteriën in oppervlaktewater. Daarom is afvalwater van mensen een grotere bron van resistente bacteriën in water dan mest. Mensen kunnen in aanraking komen met resistentie in het milieu na contact met water.
    Bacteria that are resistant to certain types of antibiotics are present in manure. In addition, residues of antibiotics have been found in manure. Manure from farm animals, such as cows and pigs, is used to fertilise farmland. This was the conclusion of a study carried out by RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment). Scientists investigated how many resistant bacteria end up in the environment of the Netherlands (in soil and water) via manure. The manure investigated was found to contain highly resistant microorganisms (HRMO), namely the ESBL producing E. coli bacteria. The incidence of these bacteria differs per species of animal. It is found in between 40% (manure from laying hens) and 90% (manure from calves) of samples. The highest concentrations of ESBL producing E. coli were found in the manure of laying hens. The quantity of manure spread on the soil differs per animal species. Since the amount of poultry manure applied on farmland is much less than the amount of manure from other animal species, the different types of manure all have approximately the same impact on the environment. Besides manure from farm animals, waste water is the most important source of resistant bacteria ending up in the environment. Resistant bacteria end up in waste water treatment facilities via human faeces. As these bacteria are not completely removed in these facilities, they end up in surface water such as rivers. Through this study, scientists show that the total number of resistant bacteria that end up in the soil via manure is approximately the same as the number that end up in surface water via waste water. Only a part of the resistant bacteria present in manure and soil ends up in surface water. Waste water from humans therefore makes a greater contribution to resistant bacteria in surface water than does manure. People can come into contact with resistant bacteria in the environment via contact with water.
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
    Sponsors
    Ministerie van VWS
    DOI
    10.21945/RIVM-2019-0112
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10029/623617
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.21945/RIVM-2019-0112
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