Show simple item record

dc.contributor.authorBraakhuis, Hedwig M
dc.contributor.authorGosens, Ilse
dc.contributor.authorHeringa, Minne B
dc.contributor.authorOomen, Agnes G
dc.contributor.authorVandebriel, Rob J
dc.contributor.authorGroenewold, Monique
dc.contributor.authorCassee, Flemming R
dc.date.accessioned2020-07-10T11:59:56Z
dc.date.available2020-07-10T11:59:56Z
dc.date.issued2020-04-13
dc.identifier.issn1545-4304
dc.identifier.pmid32284010
dc.identifier.doi10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-101419-100049
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10029/623916
dc.description.abstractThe Risk Assessment Committee of the European Chemicals Agency issued an opinion on classifying titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a suspected human carcinogen upon inhalation. Recent animal studies indicate that TiO2 may be carcinogenic through the oral route. There is considerable uncertainty on the carcinogenicity of TiO2, which may be decreased if its mechanism of action becomes clearer. Here we consider adverse outcome pathways and present the available information on each of the key events (KEs). Inhalation exposure to TiO2 can induce lung tumors in rats via a mechanism that is also applicable to other poorly soluble, low-toxicity particles. To reduce uncertainties regarding human relevance, we recommend gathering information on earlier KEs such as oxidative stress in humans. For oral exposure, insufficient information is available to conclude whether TiO2 can induce intestinal tumors. An oral carcinogenicity study with well-characterized (food-grade) TiO2 is needed, including an assessment of toxicokinetics and early KEs. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 61 is January 8, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.titleMechanism of Action of TiO: Recommendations to Reduce Uncertainties Related to Carcinogenic Potential.en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.journalAnnu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 61:203-23en_US
dc.source.journaltitleAnnual review of pharmacology and toxicology


This item appears in the following Collection(s)

Show simple item record