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Standaardtijd, zomertijd en gezondheid : Literatuuronderzoek naar gezondheidseffecten van verschillende tijdinstellingen
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Series / Report no.
RIVM rapport 2019-0151
Open Access
Type
Report
Language
nl
Date
2019-10-15
Research Projects
Organizational Units
Journal Issue
Title
Standaardtijd, zomertijd en gezondheid : Literatuuronderzoek naar gezondheidseffecten van verschillende tijdinstellingen
Translated Title
Standard time, summer time and health : A literature study into the health effects of different time settings
Published in
Abstract
Dit rapport bevat een erratum d.d. 31-10-2019 op pagina 65
De Europese Commissie heeft in 2018 voorgesteld dat alle lidstaten een vaste tijdinstelling kiezen voor het hele jaar, en dus niet meer wisselen tussen standaardtijd (wintertijd) en zomertijd. Het RIVM heeft een internationaal literatuuronderzoek uitgevoerd naar de effecten op de gezondheid van deze twee tijdinstellingen, inclusief de effecten van de wisselingen. Het blijkt beter te zijn voor de volksgezondheid wanneer Nederland het hele jaar door de standaardtijd zou aanhouden.
In Nederland wisselen we nu twee keer per jaar tussen de standaardtijd en zomertijd. Direct na de wisselingen slapen mensen slechter; vooral direct na de wisseling naar de zomertijd slapen mensen korter. Ook zijn er gezondheidseffecten te zien na de wisselingen. Zo komen er meer hartinfarcten voor direct na de wisseling naar de zomertijd. Zulke directe effecten treden niet meer op bij een vaste tijdinstelling voor het hele jaar.
Vooral zonlicht heeft invloed op het bioritme van de mens - het moment waarop we 's ochtends wakker worden en 's avonds slaperig. Het is voor de volksgezondheid dan ook het beste om een tijd in te stellen die aansluit op het natuurlijke dag- en nachtritme op aarde. Dat betekent een instelling waarbij de zon vroeg opkomt, wat het geval is bij de standaardtijd. Wanneer we het hele jaar door zomertijd instellen, is dat voor de gezondheid minder gunstig dan het hele jaar door standaardtijd. Dit blijkt uit studies naar slaap- en gezondheidsaspecten, zoals slaapduur en -kwaliteit, overgewicht, het aantal mensen met kanker, en de levensverwachting in het algemeen.
Voor de volksgezondheid zou het zelfs nog beter zijn als Nederland de tijd rond de nulmeridiaan in Greenwich (Engeland) het hele jaar door instelt; dat is 1 uur vroeger dan onze standaardtijd. De huidige standaardtijd voor Nederland is sinds de Tweede Wereldoorlog wettelijk ingesteld, hoewel het geografisch gezien in de zone van de nulmeridiaan ligt.
Dit literatuuronderzoek is in opdracht van het ministerie van VWS uitgevoerd. De studies waarop deze conclusies zijn gebaseerd, gaan over andere landen dan Nederland.
This report contains an erratum d.d. 31-10-2019 on page 65 The European Commission has proposed in 2018 that all member states coordinate their clocks to a fixed time setting for the whole year, thus ending the practice of switching between standard time (winter time) and summer time. RIVM has conducted an international literature study into the health effects of the two time settings, including the effects of switching between them. If the Netherlands were to adhere to standard time all year round, this would appear to be beneficial for public health. In the Netherlands, we currently put our clocks forward or backward twice a year to switch between standard time and summer time. Immediately after this change, people's sleep is adversely affected; particularly after the clocks are put forwards to summer time, people tend to sleep less. There are also health effects after the switch. For instance, there is an increase in heart attacks following the switch to summer time. These direct effects would no longer occur if a fixed time were used throughout the entire year. Sunlight, in particular, affects human biorhythms - what time we tend to wake up in the morning or feel tired and ready to sleep in the evening. It would therefore be better for public health to stick to one time setting that was aligned with natural rhythm of the day and night. That means a setting whereby the sun rises early, which is the case with standard time. If we were to adopt summer time all year round, on the other hand, it would be less favourable to our health than using standard time all year round. This has become evident from research into sleep and health aspects, such as the duration and quality of our sleep, being overweight, the number of people developing cancer and life expectancy in general. For public health, it would be even better for the Netherlands to adopt Greenwich Mean Time all year round, which is 1 hour earlier than our current standard time. The current standard time for the Netherlands has been legally in place since the Second World War, although geographically we are located in the prime meridian time zone (GMT). The literature review was commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. The studies on which these conclusions are based relate to other countries than the Netherlands.
This report contains an erratum d.d. 31-10-2019 on page 65 The European Commission has proposed in 2018 that all member states coordinate their clocks to a fixed time setting for the whole year, thus ending the practice of switching between standard time (winter time) and summer time. RIVM has conducted an international literature study into the health effects of the two time settings, including the effects of switching between them. If the Netherlands were to adhere to standard time all year round, this would appear to be beneficial for public health. In the Netherlands, we currently put our clocks forward or backward twice a year to switch between standard time and summer time. Immediately after this change, people's sleep is adversely affected; particularly after the clocks are put forwards to summer time, people tend to sleep less. There are also health effects after the switch. For instance, there is an increase in heart attacks following the switch to summer time. These direct effects would no longer occur if a fixed time were used throughout the entire year. Sunlight, in particular, affects human biorhythms - what time we tend to wake up in the morning or feel tired and ready to sleep in the evening. It would therefore be better for public health to stick to one time setting that was aligned with natural rhythm of the day and night. That means a setting whereby the sun rises early, which is the case with standard time. If we were to adopt summer time all year round, on the other hand, it would be less favourable to our health than using standard time all year round. This has become evident from research into sleep and health aspects, such as the duration and quality of our sleep, being overweight, the number of people developing cancer and life expectancy in general. For public health, it would be even better for the Netherlands to adopt Greenwich Mean Time all year round, which is 1 hour earlier than our current standard time. The current standard time for the Netherlands has been legally in place since the Second World War, although geographically we are located in the prime meridian time zone (GMT). The literature review was commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. The studies on which these conclusions are based relate to other countries than the Netherlands.
Description
Publisher
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
Sponsors
Ministerie van VWS