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    Speciation of metals and metalloids in tobacco and tobacco smoke : Implications for health and regulation

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    Authors
    Campbell RCJ
    Klerx WNM
    Talhout R
    Stephens WE
    Series/Report no.
    RIVM letter report 2015-0026
    Type
    Report
    Language
    en
    
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    Title
    Speciation of metals and metalloids in tobacco and tobacco smoke : Implications for health and regulation
    Publiekssamenvatting
    De tabaksplant neemt metalen op uit de bodem, uit meststoffen, en uit industriële luchtvervuiling. Door roken komt een aantal van deze metalen uit tabak vrij, waarna de roker en omstanders ze inademen. Van de metalen veroorzaken arseen, cadmium, nikkel en lood de grootste gezondheidsrisico's. De mate waarin dat gebeurt, hangt af van de 'vorm' van het metaal. De vorm kan tijdens het verbrandingsproces veranderen van een weinig giftige tot een zeer giftige vorm, én andersom. Daardoor is de chemische vorm in tabak anders dan in rook. In onderzoek dat in opdracht van het RIVM is uitgevoerd, is chroom in de minst schadelijke vorm in rook aangetroffen. Arseen daarentegen is juist in de schadelijkste vorm aanwezig. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door de Universiteit van St Andrews in Schotland.

    In het onderzoek is de chemische vorm, oftewel speciatie, beschreven van verschillende metalen in tabak en tabaksrook. Hiervoor is in eerste instantie gebruik gemaakt van een zeer krachtige deeltjesversneller, de Diamond Light Source, in Engeland. Voor deze werkwijze is gekozen omdat de speciatie van arseen en chroom moeilijk te meten is in tabak en rook. De uitkomsten van de experimenten kwamen goed overeen met voorspellingen op basis van rekenmodellen. Daarom zijn in het vervolg deze modellen gebruikt om de chemische samenstelling van andere metalen in tabaksrook te voorspellen.

    Tijdens dit onderzoek heeft TobReg, het expertpanel dat de WHO wetenschappelijk advies geeft over de regelgeving van tabaksproducten, aanbevolen dat fabrikanten de niveaus van arseen, cadmium, lood en nikkel in tabak moeten testen. De resultaten van de onderliggende studie ondersteunen de keuze voor deze metalen.

    Enkele voorbeelden van gezondheidseffecten van metalen zijn: kanker, lever- en nierschade.

    Metals are acquired by the growing tobacco plant from soil, fertilisers, and industrial pollution. Smoking liberates some of these metals from tobacco into smoke to be inhaled by the smoker and bystanders. Arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead are the main contributors to the health risks of metals in smoke. The health risk depends on the 'form' of the metal. The burning process may completely transform the metal from a low toxicity form to high toxicity, and vice versa. In research commissioned by the RIVM, chromium in tobacco smoke was found in its least toxic form. Arsenic, by contrast, is present in its most toxic form. The research was conducted by the University of St Andrews in Scotland.

    This report describes the chemical form, or speciation, of several metals known to be present in tobacco and tobacco smoke. To this purpose, we used one of the world's most powerful synchrotrons, the Diamond Light Source, in the UK. This was necessary, as it is difficult to determine the speciation of arsenic and chromium in tobacco and tobacco smoke. The results of the experiments were in good agreement with predictions based on theoretical models. Therefore, these models were also used to predict the chemical composition of other metals present in tobacco smoke.

    During our study, TobReg, the WHO expert panel set up to advise on the scientific basis of tobacco product regulation, has recommended that manufacturers test the levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel in tobacco. The results of the present study support the prioritisation of metals in their list.

    Examples of harmful health effects of metals are cancer, and liver- and kidney damage.
    Publisher
    Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM
    St Andrews University
    Sponsors
    NVWA
    URI
    https://rivm.openrepository.com/handle/10029/557149
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    RIVM official reports

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